What You Need to Know About Mad Cow Disease

When it comes to Mad Cow Disease, its difficult to separate fact from fiction and hard data from supposition. Part of the problem is political and economical, but a lot of it is based on biochemistry. The infectious agent that causes Mad Cow Disease isnt easy to characterize or destroy. Plus, it can be hard to sort through all of the different acronyms used for scientific and medical terms. Heres a summary of what you need to know: What is Mad Cow Disease Mad Cow Disease (MCD) is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), except that Mad Cow Disease is much easier to pronounce!The disease is caused by prions.Prions can cross between species (although not all species get diseases from them). Cattle get the disease from eating infected food, such as feed that contains rendered parts of infected sheep. Yes, cattle are grazing creatures, but their diets may be supplemented with protein from another animal source.Cattle dont immediately get sick from eating the prions. It can take months or years for Mad Cow Disease to develop. Tell Me About Prions Simply put, prions are proteins that can cause disease.Prions arent alive, so you cant kill them. Proteins can be inactivated by denaturing them (e.g., extreme heat, certain chemical agents), but these same processes usually destroy food, so there isnt an effective method to decontaminate beef.Prions naturally occur in your body, so they are not recognized as foreign and dont stimulate the immune system. They have the potential to cause disease, but wont automatically harm you.Disease-causing prions may physically contact normal prions, altering them so that they too can cause disease. The mechanism of prion action is not well understood. How To Get Mad Cow Disease Technically, you cant get Mad Cow Disease or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, because you arent a cow. People who get a disease from exposure to the prion develop a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) known as vCJD. You can develop CJD randomly or from a genetic mutation, completely unrelated to Mad Cow Disease. MCD, BSE, CJD, and vCJD are all members of a class of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE).It appears that some people are genetically pre-disposed toward developing TSEs. This means that the risk of contracting the disease is not equal for all people. Some people may be more at risk; others may have natural protection.CJD occurs randomly in about one out of a million people.The inherited version of CJD accounts for about 5-10% of all cases.vCJD may be passed on by tissue implants and theoretically by blood transfusion or blood products. Beef Safety It is not known how much beef has to be eaten to cause infection.Nerve tissue (e.g., brain) and various ground meat products and by-products carry the infectious agents.Muscle tissue (meat) may carry the infectious agent.Rendering or processing foods can (with difficulty) destroy prions.Normal cooking will not destroy prions. What Disease Does in People TSEs, including vCJD, kill neurons in the brain.The diseases have a long incubation period (months to years), so there is a long time between the point of infection and contracting the actual disease.The death of neurons causes the brain to appear like a sponge (areas of open space between groups of cells).All TSEs are presently incurable and fatal.vCJD affects younger patients than CJD (average age 29 years for vCJD, as opposed to 65 years for CJD) and has a longer duration of illness (14 months as opposed to 4.5 months). How To Protect Myself Avoid eating parts of the cow that are likely to carry the infection (brain, ground products, which could include hot dogs, bologna, or certain luncheon meats).Remember that it is possible that muscle may carry the disease, although it would carry the prion in much lower quantities. Its your choice whether to eat beef or not.Milk and milk products are believed to be safe. Be Careful What You Eat Dont eat processed meat from an unknown source. The manufacturer listed on the label is not necessarily the source of the meat. Mad Cow Disease affects the nervous tissue. Until it is known whether only the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) or whether the peripheral nervous system (e.g., nerves that are in muscles) are affected, there may be risk involved in eating any parts of infected beef. That is not to say that eating beef is unsafe! Eating steaks, roasts, or burgers are known to have been made from uninfected herds is perfectly safe. However, it may be harder to know the origins of the meat in processed meat products.

Environmental Scan Paper - 1535 Words

Environmental Scan Paper Christine Jennings MGT/498 Jacqueline Limonta November 17, 2014 Environmental Scan The concept of environmental scanning is important because of the short term and long term success of a company. This tool helps companies scan, monitor, evaluate, and forecast the internal and external parts of the company. In order to obtain an accurate assessment of the internal and external variables of a company, the business managers would have to use a SWOT analysis to develop awareness to different of the company. For example, the company could want to measure consumer behavorior, competitor behavior, and current trends in their marketplace. Environmental Scan and SWOT Analysis The information discovered from†¦show more content†¦After conducting an environmental scan on Nike, this research has discovered that Nike has placed their organization in the best position to sustain their reputation as the world’s leader of athletic shoes and apparel. Nike Incorporated has limited competition because no athletic shoe company can sustain the level of innovation and excellence that Nike has done over the years. A.O. Smith Water Products Company A.O. Smith Water Products Company is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of residential and commercial water heating equipment and technology. Because of the company’s engineering excellence and customer service, A.O. Smith has been able to expand the business operations into more than 60 foreign territories by increasing the development of their water heating equipment by way of innovative technology and acquiring different domestic, global partnerships, and acquisitions. To establish and sustain the success they have already achieved, the business leaders at A.O. Smith implemented a vision that would allow their organization â€Å"to be the global leader in applying innovative technology and energy efficient solutions that provide comfort and convenience to life† (A.O. Smith, 2008). A.O. Smith’s company vision has allowed the organization to net annual sales of $1.49 Billion (2010) and $1.71 Billion (2011) with earnings of $57.3 million and $111.2Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Scan Paper1539 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental Scan Paper MGT/498 July 22, 2015 Environmental Scan Paper The evaluating, monitoring, and disseminating of information from internal and external environments to key people within the corporation is called environmental scanning. (Wheelen and Hunger. 2010) Environmental scanning helps an organization identify relevant factors and use those factors to obtain a competitive advantage within the environment. The author will discuss how an organization creates value and sustainsRead MoreEnvironmental Scan Paper1272 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental Scan Paper There are internal and external elements that help a corporation determine their future. Environmental scanning monitors, evaluates, and disseminates the information from both the internal and external environments within the corporation. The internal and external elements are strategic factors that determine the corporation’s future. Environmental scanning can be conducted through a simple SWOT analysisRead MoreEnvironmental Scan Paper1148 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Environmental Scan Paper Shalunda Lester MGT 498 May 2, 2015 Jerome Dausman Environmental Scan Paper Introduction The monitoring, evaluating, and disseminating of information from the external and internal environments is known as environmental scanning. This information goes to key people within the corporation to identify strategic factors and help determine the future of the corporation (Wheelen Hunger). SWOT analysis is the simplest way to conduct environmental scanning. TheRead MoreEnvironmental Scan Paper1497 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental Scan Paper MGT/498 December 10, 2014 Dr. Pamela Linden Environmental Scan Paper Environmental scanning plays a critical role in the strategic management planning process. The environmental scan provides important information, which may be useful in forecasting changes for the future. Environmental scanning is, â€Å"the monitoring, evaluation, and dissemination of information from the external and internal environments to key people within the organization.† (Wheelen and HungerRead MoreEnvironmental Scan Paper1138 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Scan Paper MGT/498 Environmental Scan Paper The business environment of an organization reveals much about its competitiveness and the possible influences on the success of its strategies. The focus of this paper will be an environmental scan of the internal and external environments of two real-world firms, their competitive advantages and company strategies for creating value and sustaining competitiveness, measurement guidelinesRead MoreEthical and Environmental Scan Paper1850 Words   |  8 PagesEthical and Environmental Scan Paper: Enron, Google, Amazon, and Microsoft Ethics and the environmental responsibilities of companies tie directly into those of social responsibilities and occupy a very important position in both incorporating into strategic plans and the company’s value system. In this paper, the subject to describe is how the role of ethics and social responsibility is developed into a company’s strategic plan; this will enclose an example of how Enron initiated an oversteppingRead MoreMgt 498 Week 3 Environmental Scan Paper1112 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Scan Paper Your Name MGT 498 Week 3 Instructor Name Date For any company to survive in the business environment, they must be accustomed toward any situation within the environment because of certain issues, perceptions, chances, and resources. These are such reasons every business must observe any applicable changes, which can occur within the environment and invent from existing policies to adjust toward variations. For any company to succeed the company will need to conquer theRead MoreMgt 498 Week 3 Environmental Scan Paper1099 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Scan Paper Your Name MGT 498 Week 3 Instructor Name Date For any company to survive in the business environment, they must be accustomed toward any situation within the environment because of certain issues, perceptions, chances, and resources. These are such reasons every business must observe any applicable changes, which can occur within the environment and invent from existing policies to adjust toward variations. For any company to succeed the company will need to conquerRead MoreMGT/498 Week Three Individual Environmental Scan Paper1199 Words   |  5 Pages Environmental Scan Paper Craig Clark University Of Phoenix MGT/498 March 9, 2013 Environmental Scan Paper The environment of any organization consists of internal and external factors. An organization should conduct a scan of its environment in order for it to determine development, and a forecast on the factors that may influence the success of the organization. Scanning the environment refers to the possession and utilization of the information that an organization hasRead MoreEnvironmental Scan1153 Words   |  5 PagesMGT 498 Environmental Scan Paper MGT/498 Environmental Scan Paper Environmental scans play a crucial role in the strategic planning process by helping organizations take a look at their competitive advantages and identify ways to sustain the advantages. Wheelen and Hunger (2010) describes environmental scanning as â€Å"the monitoring, evaluation, and dissemination of information from external and internal environments

To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy Free Essays

string(248) " Castiza to prostitute herself, as the ‘depth of \[his\] self-deception’ and although of course he is happy when she rejects his offers, the ‘image of a noble self we see in flashes is not restored in the end’ \(1986:146\)\." ‘Sternly moral and strangely perverse’ (Schoenbaum 1955:6), The Revenger’s Tragedy explores the ethical complexities of the revenger figure, Vindice, through his determination to take vengeance upon the lecherous Duke. The very nature of revenge tragedy shows an inversion of the morality play, in which the protagonist would face a series of temptations and ultimately choose a virtuous life over one of evil. Revenge plays on the other hand invariably include; secret murders and plots, disguises, violence and catastrophe, all of which are presented in The Revenger’s Tragedy, but also within the character of Vindice. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is not, however, the soul revenger in the play. Irving Ribner lists nine different situations which involve revenge (1962:80) and therefore it is not surprising that some critics argue that Middleton’s1 work should be more accurately named ‘The Revengers’ Tragedy’ (Adams 1965:61). In order for Vindice, and the other malicious characters, to exact revenge, they must enter the world of their enemy, to achieve maximum devastation from the inside out; ’embracing evil in a vain attempt to destroy evil’ (Ribner 1962:80). Is this, therefore, the real tragedy of the revenger, insofar as the revenger must debase himself to the level of his adversary, in order to punish him? In the opening scene of the play, Vindice holds his dead fiancie’s skull in his hand and vows to get his revenge on the Duke who attempted to seduce her and subsequently poisoned her. In terms of a revenge plot, this appears very straightforward – an ‘eye for eye’ (Exodus 21:24) vengeance, but this becomes more complex with the sacrifices that Vindice has to make. Initially, he must find an entrance into court which is achieved by becoming pander to the Duke’s son, Lussurioso. Having previously left the court after his father’s death, merely becoming involved in this society again is a compromise, exposing him to the corruption he so readily criticises. Perhaps the audience is supposed to be impressed at Vindice’s restraint, being so close to an enemy and not striking immediately, though it is this determination which ultimately turns him villain from hero. As Bowers states, ‘only rather villainous revengers are presented as waiting such a period. †¦ ] No normal, sympathetic person by Elizabethan standards would harbour his wrath for such a time and withstand the promptings of religion for forgiveness’ (1959:136n. ) Being under Lussurioso’s command, Vindice’s escape from the planned revenge is not so easy and it could be maintained that his fate is sealed from the start; not only must he kill the Duke, but his son as well. Under his guise as Piato, meaning â€Å"plated† (Neill 1996:404), Vindice sinks further into tyranny by accepting money from Lussurioso, and presumably also from the Duke, for his work. Perhaps he had no choice in this acceptance, and therefore again, Vindice’s fate is marked. Neill notes the suitability of the name Piato and its associations with the repeated ‘coin’ image throughout the play. As a man in disguise, Vindice is the embodiment of the ‘deceptive glitter of the whole court’; he has become the â€Å"blanched† coin, a ‘base metal plated over with silver to improve its appearance’ (Neill 1996:404). In adopting this costume, Vindice becomes consumed by the traits he puts upon himself, and poisoning the Duke completes this conversion. Piato and Vindice become, characteristically as well as physically, the same person. Murray warns that ‘the name and the disguise are intended to fool Lussurioso, but we should not be fooled into seeing a contradiction of character where none in fact exists’ (1964:214 original emphasis). ‘The crucial transformations in the play are effected by poisoning, figurative or literal’ and the literal poisoning of the Duke is reflected in the figurative poisoning of Vindice’s mind and character (Murray 1964:196). Although he has now completed his revenge plan, Vindice forgets his original purpose and not content with ‘the death of †¦ his logical victim, must scourge from court all his vicious progeny’ (Bowers 1959:133). In losing focus of his initial goal, ‘Puh, ’tis but early yet†¦ ‘ (III. V. 171), Vindice aligns himself with the Duke, whose own aim had been to seduce Gloriana, but resulted in poisoning and ultimately murdering her. Murray argues that Vindice’s ‘degeneration’ can be followed through ‘subtle changes’ in his attitude toward Gloriana and her skull (1965:124). After this episode, Gloriana is hardly mentioned and Vindice has reduced her to a similar level to himself; dressing up her skull, creating falseness, an ironic comparison with Vindice himself, as well the courtiers, having heavily painted or masked faces. This mask image is repeated with the masque at the close of the play, in which Vindice carries out his last gruesome acts in yet another disguise. The movement from simple costume to the masque brutality is a perfect example of the shift in Vindice’s character. From this moment he is ‘never shown hesitating at the thought of violence’ and as is noted by many critics, ‘no-one else in the major tragedies of the period goes to such extremes of takes such delight in the doing on violence on an enemy’ – Vindice embodies the ‘spirit of violence’ (McAlindon 1986:140). Through the enjoyment and pleasure of violence, Vindice loses all focus, control and rationality. Murray’s argument that ‘[Vindice’s] moral perception is blinded at the moment when disillusion cuts through to his sexual obsession, and he is driven to sadistic revenges’ (1964:223) is another example of Vindice turning tyrant, by becoming the lecherous man he has despised for so many years. Vindice almost sexualises Gloriana’s decorated skull, ‘†¦ methinks I could e’en chide myself / For doting on her beauty’ (III. V. 68-9) and he revels in the ingenuity of his revenge on the Duke, though he does not realise that ‘it destroys the moral value of Gloriana’s martyrdom, making a whore and a murderess of her’ (Murray 1965:218). His lust even extends to his own sister and in trying to tempt her to court, Vindice has some of his most poetic and well-reasoned lines: ‘Why are there so few honest women but because ’tis the / poorer profession? ‘ (II. I. 225-6). McAlindon sees Vindice’s plea to Castiza to prostitute herself, as the ‘depth of [his] self-deception’ and although of course he is happy when she rejects his offers, the ‘image of a noble self we see in flashes is not restored in the end’ (1986:146). You read "To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy?" in category "Papers" The play’s moral dilemma is of course that Gratiana and Castiza can enjoy the riches too, if they agree to become corrupted (Salinger 1982:242). In his discussions with Lussurioso, Vindice again displays this side of his personality. The audience cannot help but draw comparisons between Vindice, the Duke and also his lecherous son, in the manner that he describes lust and sexual depravity: ‘I have been witness / To the surrenders of a thousand virgins’ (I. III. 49-50). Vindice’s arguments seem to flow all too easily, ‘premeditated’ (Ornstein 1954:85) perhaps and convince his mother within seventy lines. Nicholas Brooke argues that his decision to carry out this ‘project’ has its ‘own perversity’, as his rage turns to ‘excitement’ and a ‘delight in the paradox’ (1979:15) which leads him to a dangerous resolve, ‘to try the faith of both’ (I. III. 177). Although his asides show some regret for his actions, ‘Not, I hope, already? ‘ and ‘I e’en quake to proceed’ (II. I. 104, 109), Vindice appears to continue his persuasion with little further thought on the matter. Later, when he decides to punish, and almost take revenge, on his own mother for agreeing to Castiza’s prostitution, Vindice exhibits some of his most morally disturbing behaviour by Elizabethan standards. Gibbons notes that ‘in a society where parental authority was so strong, a parent’s submission to a child was a deep and disturbing breach of custom’ (1992:88n) and the image of Hippolito and Vindice either side of their mother, presumably with weapons, is almost a direct parallel of the way in which the brothers handle the Duke: ‘Nail down his tongue, and mine shall keep possession / About his heart’ (III. V. 193-4). This can be viewed symbolically where Vindice must, for his own satisfaction, kill the ‘heart’ and perform psychological torment, by showing the Duke his wife and son together. It could be argued that it is this image that kills the Duke. As his next target, the murder of Lussurioso must, of course, out do the death of the Duke, despite his reasoning being less substantial. To get his change however, Vindice must now become himself and is hired to kill ‘Piato’. This symbolism releases Vindice of all mental guilt, as it allows him not only to re-enact his killing of the Duke, but also stabbing the image of himself pushes him further into the ‘manic glee’ (Brooke 1979:25) of the revenger character. Neill sees this episode as if Vindice were ‘facing the image of his death’ (1997:84), a form of premonition to his inevitable downfall and death at the end of the play. For the audience, this image of Vindice killing â€Å"himself† is ironic, and the idea of arranging the corpse in a lifelike way is a shocking mirror of the ‘bony lady’ (III. V. 120) Gloriana. With this gesture intended to separate the characters of Piato and Vindice, this actually brings them together as one, though Vindice fails to see this, as does Hippolito who says ‘In thine own shape now I’ll prefer thee to him’ (IV. I. 60) Vindice constantly makes the distinction between the characters; ‘am I far enough from myself? ‘ (I. III. 1), he asks, when first dressing as Piato, and later he claims his alter ego to be ‘a witch’ (V. III. 121). Although this is a popular argument, critics such as Heather Hirschfield disagree, stating that Vindice is enacting a quest for ‘self-disclosure’ and is ‘less about obtaining an impossible justice and more about orchestrating scenes that allow him to proclaim his own sinfulness’ (2005:113). She argues that by putting himself in situations which allow him to give rise to someone new and pure through self destruction, Vindice is actually not looking revenge at all, merely a passage to a better life. With his final confession, Vindice hopes to attain this cleansing, however this moment of self-revelation ‘shipwreck[s] him on the very sinful self that confession is meant to overcome’, and perhaps this is a critique of ‘hollow’ Catholic penitence (Hirschfield 2005:113). Irving Ribner agrees with this view, arguing that ‘Heaven is responsible for Vindice’s fall, but heaven’s instrument is time, which changes all, and reduces life to death’ (1962:77-8). It could be said therefore, that the tragedy of the revenger, is not his debasement to the level of tyrant, but his impatience for exacting his revenge, and the ‘failure of his faith in heaven’ (Ribner 1962:80). Vindice fails to recognise and embrace the ‘inevitability of divine retribution’ and the ‘self-destructive quality of evil’ and by believing that he fully understood and was in control of himself, ultimately lost grip on his moral identity (Ribner 1962:75). At times Vindice seems somewhat irrelevant to the plotline in having no ‘clear-cut opponent’ and being out of control of the majority of the action. In the masque scene, for example, the deaths of Ambitioso, Supervacuo and Spurio have ‘no indication’ that they were anything more than an ‘unexpected accident’ (Bowers 1959: 136,7) in which Vindice was simply an innocent bystander. Vindice, however, is not the only revenger in the play and the most notable other is Lussurioso when trying to take revenge upon Piato. He mirrors, albeit unwittingly, the masking and lying that ‘Piato’ had displayed, in being untruthful about the reasons he wants revenge. Lussurioso claims that Piato had disobeyed his commands and attempted to seduce Castiza for himself using jewels. Ironically, this is just what Vindice had done, on Lussurioso’s behalf, yet he fails to see this paradox, and is simply angered at the falsehood. Supervacuo, Ambitioso and Spurio try to take revenge on each other, as well as their elder brother. Again, they lower themselves to each other’s level, climbing over one another in an attempt to become the next Duke. It could also be argued that Antonio has the final revenge, on Vindice, by condemning him to death. Is, therefore, Antonio as guilty as Vindice? Throughout the play he is described as ‘discontented’ (I. V. sd) at the death of his wife, rather than grieving, which is a term usually associated with the character of the malcontent; Lussurioso claims that ‘discontent and want / Is the best clay to mould a villain’ (IV. I. 48-9) Antonio, like Vindice, is deaf to the truth, condemning Gentleman1 for allowing the Duke to leave the court alone. It is ironic, perhaps, that Antonio’s sufferi ngs are so alike to Vindice’s yet he condemns him still. The nature of the relationship between Vindice and Antonio is described by Machiavelli: †¦ hat whoever is responsible for another’s becoming powerful ruins himself, because this power is brought into being either by ingenuity or force, and both of these are suspect to the one who has become powerful (1532:15) In punishing Vindice and Hippolito, Antonio protects himself. Again, conceivably Vindice’s fate was sealed from the very beginning, in that by allowing Antonio to become Duke as a consequence, he became in danger. It is possible then, that the ‘blazing star’ (V. III. sd) looming over the banquet and masque, marks Vindice’s fate, rather than Lussurioso’s. He knows it is useless to argue against Antonio, who is ‘tainted because he shares [the brothers’] guilt’ (Murray 1964:228); ‘Vindice loathes vice, but he has no faith in virtue’ (Ornstein 1954:86). Justice seems to be lacking at the end, just as at the beginning of the play and as a result, Vindice’s work seems futile. In conclusion, it can strongly be argued that Vindice turns tyrant to punish tyranny and that from this guise he is not redeemable. However whether this is the tragedy of the revenger is still debateable. Perhaps rather, the tragedy is that Vindice could not keep up his performance, his act, long enough to succeed or even take the Duke’s seat for himself. In playing himself rather than Piato, and in his confession in the final scene, Vindice metaphorically admits to being taken in by the court that is ‘so given up to evil’ and despite an ‘intense awareness of his own sin’, he cannot save himself (Murray 1964:192,215). By the close of the play, the audience come to the realisation that ‘those who seek justice are no less corrupted than those who seek sensual pleasure or power’ (Murray 1964:228). It is impossible, however to align Vindice with the â€Å"tragic hero† character, as though despite his admittance, he fails to achieve ‘self-knowledge’ and ‘he amuses himself and us so much †¦ he seems incapable of suffering and inner conflict’ (Ribner 1986:151). Through the enjoyment and gratification in the deaths and violence, Vindice’s confession comes to nothing. He does not argue for forgiveness or try and show his regret but merely accepts that †tis time to die when we ourselves are foes’ (V. III. 112). Peter Murray argues that Vindice is one of the more ‘believable portraits of neurotic perversion in all of Jacobean drama’ and therefore the ways in which he evolves as a character is truly accurate to reality (1964:247). Can therefore, turning tyrant really be Vindice’s tragedy, if any other character would have come to the same fate? ‘It is worth remembering that death is what we commonly expect at the end of a revenge tragedy’ and Middleton simply alters the normal style of the close of a revenge play. In showing Vindice’s lack of self-recognition, the audience would leave the theatre with a ‘particular sense of imperfection’ (Ribner 1962:86). The tragedy of the revenger then, is not that Vindice has turned tyrant, but that he represents everyman, and in allowing oneself to be consumed with rage, desire and lust, every one of us would come to the same fate. Vindice does not realise that he has become the butt of his own joke; Lussurioso sought to hire a villain, and he succeeded. How to cite To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy?, Papers

Corporate Social Responsibilities and Business Ethics

Question: Do Codes of business Ethics Really work'? Answer: Perhaps working in corporate world, shows the sense of social responsibilities,values and ethics of the person working in it. There are some famous wordings by various people working in different parts of corporate world about the social responsibilities but the common thought which comes out of all of it is We may pretend that we are basically moral people who make mistakes, but the whole of the history proves otherwise.i.e. it comes out to be a confusing outcome after noticing all the definitions, methods and samples.As we talk about the business ethics, ethics is a set of principles of the right conduct it has been defined as a set of values and principle which helps guide behavior, choice and actions. It helps to decide whether ones actions are right or wrong. It is said in An introduction to business ethics by Joseph Desjardins , he shows a unique multidisciplinary approach which offers critical; analysis and integrates the perspective of philosophy with management, law , econom ics and public policy, providing a clear , concise , yet reasonably comprehensive introductory survey of the ethical choices available to us in business 2013. According to him, ethics are based upon individual morals/ values and social context. Although ethics reflect a combination of individual values, morals and culture. Organizations can signicantly impact ethical decision makings by:-1. Written codes of conduct/ ethics.2. Ethics programs.3. Ethics hotline.4. Leadership by example. Social responsibility of the people in the corporate world is a key to know how the task is being performed as it is assigned to them particularly, it is the basic foundation of the human interaction. Professionals are required to perform their work to high ethical standards and always in consideration of and to the benefit of the public (Reynolds, 2006). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits and in keeping with the view that environmental corporate social responsibility generates new and competitive resources for firms and on the other hand if the firm behave irresponsibly then it face a significant decrease in stock prices and other things too. It express the way how company fundamentally behaves towards the society. This further helps in showing the ethical behavior of the firm towards the customers and the stack holders and reorganizes the spirit of legal and regulatory environment.As we see ethical changes form the ancient times , the main varieties of modern ethics is the transition from medieval to modern culture, during the renaissance , was marked by a revival of classical humanism and naturalism, which proceeded to critical reconstruction in the ethical theory. The men of renaissance turned enthusiastically to the ideas and ideals of classical antiquity. Every school of ancient philosophy had its early modern disciplines. Stoicism was revived, likewise the Aristotelians of the lyceum, not the Thomist theological adaptation. Marsilio ficino(1433-1499) and others hoped to achieve a philosophical religion and ethics by a blend of Christianity with Plato and Plotinus. More radically opposed to the medieval ascetic piety, Lorenzo Valla (1406-1457) espoused the Epicurean pursuit of pleasure as mas chief and true good. Having cut loose the bonds of dogmatic authority, men felt dismayed in their quest of a reliable standard. This tragic quandary may be sensed as an undertone in the ethical writings of Giordano Bruno (1548- 1600). It finds intense utterance in the Pensees of Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), but before the Pascal it had expressed without any tragic note in the skepticism of Montaigne(1533-1592). In ethics as in general philosophy, the first major problem of the modern mankind was the problem of a reliable method. What is the source and what is the standard of moral judgment in our relative appraisal of the values of human experience and conduct? Ethical theories are most broadly distinguished as teleological ethics and formal rigorism. Formal rigorism. Formal rigorism is the ethics of duty and upright will. It tests the moral value of an act by considering the motive or the inner spirit of the agent. The results of an action are often beyond our control. Moral judgment must be concerned with the man himself, with the principle on which he proposes to act. An action is morally good only if the principle which is manifested in it is right (Reynolds, 2006).The ethics of uprightness is opposed to more usu al so called teleological theories of ethics which evaluate the moral worth of actions by appraisal of their consequences: By their fruits ye shall know them. Teleological ethics may proceed in several directions. We evaluate an act by its consequences: what consequences, namely? The principle answers to this question have been two, with a third theory of more recent advocacy. Thus hedonism judges an action to be good if it yields pleasure of leads to happiness. Perfectionism evaluates the moral worth of an act if it serves to realize the harmonious perfection of our capacities and leads to fulfillment of personality. The widespread influence of the doctrine of evolution has found expression in the evolutionary theory of ethics, which appraises conduct in terms of its survival value vitality. We shall examine the above four varieties of ethical doctrine in their historical development in the modern thought. Basically there are moral issues in business which has four part. These are:-1. Moral philosophy and business.2. Business and its basis3. Business and society4. The organization and the people in it.In the first part is it said that about the nature of morality and presents the main theories of normality ethics and leading approaches to questions of economic justice. In the second part it said about the institution foundation of business, focusing on capitalism as an economic system and the nature and the role of corporations in our society. In the third part it is said about the moral problems involving business consumers and the natural environment. And in the fourth part it identifies a variety of ethical issues and moral challenges that arise out of the interplay of employees with an organization, including the problem of discrimination (Reynolds, 2006). On the other side when the unethical behavior is discussed the stories of business corruption and of greed and wrong doing comes in picture. As we take the examples of Kenneth ley who was convicted by jury of conspiracy and multiple count s of fraud, he was the CEO of Enron group. The company was once the seventh largest company of America and Fortune magazine voted the Most Innovative Company continuously from last six years. Then with the time it was declare a bankrupt company. This kind of unethical behavior leads the hype on which it was built made a crashing end.There is one other example of unethical behavior of some pharmaceutical companies of America in terms of marketing strategies. In advertising a product and their unnatural interaction with healthcare people is making the phRMA (Pharmaceutical research and manufactures of America) code ineffective. An independent research studies shows that seven renowned drug manufacturing companies violated the code. It revealed that in appropriate tactics and through prominent health care people by promoting medicines uses which are not approved by U.S Food and Drug administration (FDA).Ethic is therefore associated directly to the family and social upbringing and how the society and culture observe a process of approach. Its common to find certain behavior being considered to be a vice in certain cultures while in others is welcomes and considered normal.This observed among the Politician cultures where theft is not observed in a negative way and considered a normal practice among the traditional locals who didnt borrow and instead stole. Again when the person required the item they would intern steal it from another person. This clearly demonstrates the differences between cultural outlooks which will affect the way ethics is observed. In business ethics would constitute to a totally different aspect and usually entail the consumer demand as well as the social responsibilities linked to local communities and the environment.But it once again goes much deeper than this since most people seek to solve the problem they know but down realize there are many major issues linked to the problem which may show up decades after certain actions have been done. these factors also contribute towards social responsibility and business ethics but seldom discussed since these aspects are indirect and maintain experienced after long periods of time.An example of such as misunderstood social responsibility linked to recycling where communities are asked to recycle their waste. While most of us are working hard towards sorting the waste for proper recycling, details linked to the recycling process remain unclear to the co nsumer. Recycling has been identifying to consumer almost the same energy as fresh development and while it may reduce pressure on natural resource and waste disposal, it still does not address the problem linked to energy management and proper utilization.There is also another example of misunderstood social responsibility linked to energy production and management. while government and companies work hard to advertise how people can save energy via the use of energy saving florescent and LED lights and technology, few offer true advice on free energy production solutions such a solar and energy solution. These technologies have greatly been advances in recent years and offer reliable sources of electrical energy for free. By simply promoting these forms of energy production its possible to cut down 70% of energy consumed on lighting and small appliances powering thus allowing the power plants to concentrate high voltage power towards industry and heavy consumption. This also helps cut energy consumption costs for small appliances and lighting by 70-80% for the consumer (Lim, 2000).The above examples clearly demonstrate corporate social responsibility as well as business ethics and offer a clear demonstration of how ethics vary and must be viewed. Its important to observe the wider picture linked to social responsibility and also consider long term effects to the society, and environment. today many decision taken 3 to decade back with the intention of benefiting the local communities have turned to be viewed as ecological and health disasters. A perfect example of this is seen on Nile where there has been a constant schistosomiasis outbreak (bilharzia) since the construction of the Aswan Dam. This has been directly associated to the Dam blocking the migratory breed route of the fresh water shrimp. The shrimp are responsible for consuming the snails in the water which carryschistosomiasis.This has been experienced on several rivers across the globe where dams block fish migration routs leading up to serious health concerns. With the case of the schistosomiasis outbreak the shrimp are unable to migrate and breed resulting in a decline in their numbers and an increase in snail numbers. This has led to automatically increasing the number of schistosomiasis cases recorded on rivers in recent year.But the problem doesnt stop as finding the causebut also involves finding a solution to this problem.Hydroelectric dams have grown to become a basic necessity for every nation energy supply making it a tricky decision to find a solutio n where both medical needs as well as development needs are addressed.Clearly there is a major problems linked to meeting both the economic as well as social and ethical requirements in todays business and social world (Rest,1989).Many of the problem facing societies are linked the rapid growth experienced during the past 60 years. During this time rapid development was underway resulting in corporate industriesdeveloping but also not having time to observe social responsibility and ethical issues. Today with more education and awareness linked to business ethics and social responsibilities businesses are developing new strategies which address these problems. at the same time the communities and professionals are also addressing the concerns affecting them resulting in a better understanding on the problems experienced in the past and how they can be resolved in the future. Every aspect linked to business ethics and social responsibility requires to be observed and discussed thus e nsuring business, environment and humanitarian concerns are all addressed. References: 1. Rest, J. R. (1989). Development in judging moral issues. U of Minnesota Press.2. Chia, A., Lim, S. M. (2000). The effects of issue characteristics on the recognition of moral issues. Journal of Business Ethics, 27(3), 255-269.3. Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral issues.Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 233.4. Waters, J. A., Bird, F., Chant, P. D. (1986). Everyday moral issues experienced by managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 5(5), 373-384.5. Beauchamp, T. L., Bowie, N. E., Arnold, D. G. (Eds.). (2004). Ethical theory and business.